Amateka y'iterambere ry'inganda y'amavalve yo mu Bushinwa (3)

Iterambere rikomeye ry’ubuhinga bwo gukora amavalve (1967-1978)

01 Iterambere ry'inganda rirashikirwa

Kuva mu mwaka w’1967 gushika mu mwaka w’1978, kubera amahinduka akomeye yabaye mu mibano, iterambere ry’ubuhinga bw’amavalve na ryo nyene ryarashikiwe cane. Ivyerekana nyamukuru ni:

1. Igipfukisho umusaruro uragabanywa cane, kandi uburyo buragabanywa cane

2. Igipfukisho Ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi bwatanguye gutera imbere bwarashikiwe

3. Ibintu vy'imipfunda y'umuvuduko uringaniye birasubira kuba ivy'igihe gito

4. Gukora ama valve y’umuvuduko munini n’uwuri hagati ataco yateguye vyatanguye kuboneka .

02 Gufata ingingo zo kurambura “umurongo mugufi w’ivyuma”

Ubwiza bw’ibintu mu 2019.umupfundainganda zaragabanutse cane, kandi inyuma y’ugushingwa kw’ibikoresho vy’igihe gito vy’amazi y’umuvuduko munini n’umuvuduko munini, Leta irabiha agaciro kanini. Ibiro vy’Ibiremereye n’Ivy’Igihugu vya Minisitere ya mbere y’Imashini vyashinze umugwi w’amavalve kugira ngo ube ushinzwe guhindura ubuhinga bw’amavalve. Inyuma y’itohoza n’ubushakashatsi bwimbitse, umugwi w’abahinga mu vy’amavalve warashizeho “Raporo ku vyiyumviro ku bijanye n’ugutegura ingingo zo gukora amavalve y’umuvuduko munini n’uw’umuvuduko munini”, iyo raporo ikaba yashikirijwe Komisiyo y’Igenamigambi ya Leta. Inyuma y’ubushakashatsi, haciye hafatwa ingingo yo gushiramwo amamiliyoni 52 y’amayuan mu bijanye n’ubuhinga bwo gukora amavalve kugira ngo hakorwe ihinduka ry’ubuhinga ryo gutorera umuti ingorane y’ubukene bukomeye bw’umuvuduko munini n’uw’agaciro kanini .amavalve n’ugugabanya uburyo vuba bishoboka.

1. Amakoraniro abiri ya Kaifeng .

Muri Rusama 1972, Igisata ca mbere c’amamashini caragiranye inama y’igihugu yose .umuvudukoinama y’ibikorwa vy’inganda mu gisagara ca Kaifeng, mu ntara ya Henan. Iryo koraniro ryitavye amashirahamwe 125 n’abaserukira 198 bo mu mahinguriro 88 y’amavalve, ibigo 8 vy’ubushakashatsi n’imigero y’ubuhinga, ibiro 13 vy’amamashini vyo mu ntara no mu komine hamwe n’abakoresha bamwebamwe. Iryo koraniro ryafashe ingingo yo gusubizaho imiryango ibiri y’inganda n’urubuga rw’ubuhinga, maze batora uruganda rwa Kaifeng High Pressure Valve Factory n’uruganda rwa Tieling Valve nk’abarongozi b’imigwi y’abakoresha umuvuduko munini n’abakoresha umuvuduko muto, kandi Hefei General Machinery Research Institute na Shenyang Valve Research Research bari urubuga rw’ubuhinga. Iyo nama kandi yaravuze kandi yiga ku bibazo bijanye n’“uguhindura ibintu mu buryo butatu”, gutuma ibintu bimera neza, ubushakashatsi mu vy’ubuhinga, gucapura ibintu, no guteza imbere ibikorwa vy’inganda n’ivy’ubuhinga. Kuva ico gihe, ibikorwa vy’inganda n’ivy’ubuhinga vyari vyahagaze imyaka itandatu, vyarasubiye gutangura. Izo ngingo zaragize uruhara runini mu guteza imbere uguhingura amavalve no guhindura ibintu vy’igihe gito.

2. Gusubira mu bikorwa vyo gutunganya inganda no guhana amakuru

Inyuma y’Inama ya Kaifeng mu 1972, imigwi y’inganda yarasubiye gukora ibikorwa vyayo. Iciyo gihe, amahinguriro 72 gusa ni yo yari afise uruhara mu gutegura inganda, kandi amahinguriro menshi y’amavalve yari ataragira uruhara mu gutegura inganda. Kugira ngo hatunganywe amahinguriro menshi y’amavalve, akarere kose karatunganya ibikorwa vy’inganda uko bikurikirana. Uruganda rw'ibikoresho vy'amazi vy'i Shenyang, uruganda rw'ibikoresho vy'amazi rwo muri Beijing, uruganda rw'ibikoresho vy'amazi rwo muri Shanghai, uruganda rw'ibikoresho vy'amazi rwo muri Wuhan,Uruganda rw'amavalve rwa Tianjin, Ihinguriro ry’Ivyuma vy’Inguvu Nkuru n’Iry’Igihugu ry’i Gansu, n’Ihinguriro ry’Ivyuma vy’Igihugu ry’i Zigong, ni vyo bijejwe uturere two mu Buraruko bushira Ubuseruko, mu Buraruko bw’Ubushinwa, mu Buseruko bw’Ubushinwa, mu Buraruko bushira Uburengero, mu Buraruko bushira Uburengero, no mu Bumanuko bushira Uburengero. Muri ico kiringo, inganda z’amavalve n’ibikorwa vy’ubuhinga vyari bitandukanye kandi vyari bifise akamaro, kandi vyari bikundwa cane n’amahinguriro yo muri iyo nganda. Kubera iterambere ry’ibikorwa vy’inganda, guhanahana ubumenyi kenshi, gufashanya no kwigirana, ntibitera imbere gusa mu gutuma ibintu bimera neza, ariko kandi biratuma haba ubumwe n’ubugenzi hagati y’amahinguriro atandukanye, ku buryo inganda zikora amavalve zagize ubumwe, mu bumwe, zifatanye amaboko Going forward, showing a vib scene and .

3. Gukora “ibikorwa bitatu vy’ubuhinga bwa none” vy’ibikoresho vy’amavalve .

Mu bijanye n’impwemu y’inama zibiri za Kaifeng be n’ivyiyumviro vy’Ibiro Bikomeye n’Ibikuru Bikuru vya Minisiteri ya mbere y’Ivy’Imashini, Ikigo c’Ubushakashatsi ku vy’Imashini Rusangi carasubiye gutegura igikorwa kinini co guhindura amavalve atatu mu buryo bushasha, gishigikiwe n’amahinguriro atandukanye yo muri iyo nganda. Ibikorwa vy’“uguhindura ibintu bitatu bishasha” ni igikorwa gihambaye c’ubuhinga bw’ishimikiro, kikaba ari ingero nziza yo kwihutisha uguhindura ubuhinga bw’ibigo no gutuma urugero rw’ibikoresho vy’amavalve rutera imbere. Ishirahamwe ry’abakozi ry’ivy’ubuhinga bwa none ryitwa valve “three modernizations” rikora rishingiye ku ngingo ngenderwako zivuga ngo “ivyiza bine” (vyoroshe gukoresha, vyoroshe kwubaka, vyoroshe gusanura kandi bihuye neza) be n’“ivyiza bine” (akarorero, ibipimo vy’ubushobozi, uguhuza n’ingero rusangi, ibihimba bisanzwe). Ibirimwo nyamukuru vy’igikorwa bifise imice itatu, imwe ni iyo kworohereza ubwoko buhuriweko; ikindi ni ugutegura no gusubiramwo umugwi w’ingingo mfatirwako z’ubuhinga; ica gatatu ni uguhitamwo no guheza ibintu.

4. Ubushakashatsi bw’ubuhinga bwatumye habaho iterambere ry’ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi .

(1) Gutegura imigwi y’abashakashatsi b’abahinga no kwubaka ibibanza vyo gupima Mu mpera z’umwaka wa 1969, ikigo c’ubushakashatsi ku mashini rusangi caravuye i Beijing kija i Hefei, maze igikoresho c’intango co gupima ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’amazi kigasenywa, ivyo bikaba vyaragize ico bikoze cane ku bushakashatsi bwa siyansi. Mu mwaka w’1971, abashakashatsi ba siyansi barasubiye mu mugwi umwe umwe, maze laboratwari y’ubushakashatsi ku bijanye n’amavalve iragwira ishika ku bantu barenga 30, kandi yashinzwe na minisiteri gutunganya ubushakashatsi bw’ubuhinga. Haciye hubakwa laboratwari yoroshe, hashirwaho igikoresho co kugerageza ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’amazi, hanyuma hakorwa n’amashini yihariye yo gupima umuvuduko, gupakira n’izindi, hanyuma ubushakashatsi bw’ubuhinga bwo gukingira amavalve n’ugupakira buratangura.

(2) Ivyiza vyashitsweko Inama ya Kaifeng yabaye mu 1973 yarateguye umugambi w’ubushakashatsi bw’ubuhinga bwo gukora amavalve kuva mu 1973 gushika mu 1975, kandi itanga imigambi 39 y’ubushakashatsi nyamukuru. Muri ivyo, harimwo ibintu 8 vyo gukoresha ubushuhe, ibintu 16 vyo gukingira, ibintu 6 vyo gupfunyika, ikintu 1 co gukoresha umuyagankuba, n’ibintu 6 vyo kugerageza no kugerageza ubushobozi. Mu nyuma, mu kigo c’ubushakashatsi co gusudira ca Harbin, mu kigo c’ubushakashatsi co gukingira ibikoresho co muri Wuhan, no mu kigo c’ubushakashatsi ku mashini rusangi ca Hefei, hashizweho abakozi badasanzwe bo gutegura no guhuza igenzura ridasanzwe, kandi inama zibiri z’akazi ku bice vy’ishimikiro vy’ibikoresho vy’umuyagankuba vy’umuvuduko munini n’umuvuduko munini vyarabaye kugira ngo bashire hamwe ubumenyi no gufashanya1. -Basic parts research plan in 1980. Biciye ku nguvu z’uruganda rwose, hariho ibintu bikomeye vyashitsweko mu bikorwa vy’ubushakashatsi mu vy’ubuhinga, ivyo bikaba vyatumye habaho iterambere ry’ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi mu bijanye n’ubuhinga bw’amavalve. Ivyavuyemwo nyamukuru ni ibi bikurikira:

1) Tack ku ruhande rwo gukingira. Ubushakashatsi ku ruhande rw’ivyuma bipfutse bufise intumbero yo gutorera umuti ingorane y’ugusohoka kw’amazi imbere muumupfunda. Iciyo gihe, ibikoresho vyo gukingira ahanini vyari 20Cr13 na 12Cr18Ni9, vyari bifise ubukomezi buke, ntivyari bifise ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ugusambuka, ingorane zikomeye z’ugusohoka kw’amazi imbere mu bikoresho vy’amavalve, kandi vyari bifise ubuzima bugufi. Ikigo c’ubushakashatsi c’amavalve ca Shenyang, ikigo c’ubushakashatsi c’ivy’ugusudira c’i Harbin be n’uruganda rw’amaboteri rwa Harbin vyashinze umugwi w’ubushakashatsi w’ibintu bitatu. Inyuma y’imyaka 2 y’ugukora cane, haciye hakorwa ubwoko bushasha bw’ibikoresho vyo gukingira ivyuma vy’ibara ry’agahama (20Cr12Mo8). Ivyo bikoresho birafise ubushobozi bwiza bwo gukora. Ivyiza vyo guhangana n’imikorobe, ubuzima buramba, kandi ata nickel na chromium nke, ubutunzi bushobora gushingiye ku vyo mu gihugu, inyuma y’isuzuma ry’ubuhinga, birafise agaciro kanini mu guteza imbere.

2) Kuzuza ubushakashatsi. Intumbero y’ubushakashatsi bwo gupakira ni ugutorera umuti ingorane y’ugusohoka kw’amazi mu bikoresho vy’amazi. Iciyo gihe, ibikoresho vyo gupfunyika amavalve vyari ahanini amabuye y’agaciro yitwa asibesito n’amabuye y’agaciro y’imipira, kandi ubushobozi bwo gukingira bwari bubi, ivyo bikaba vyatuma amavalve asohoka cane. Mu mwaka w’1967, ikigo c’ubushakashatsi ku mashini rusangi caratunganije umugwi w’ubushakashatsi ku bijanye n’ugusohoka kw’amazi hanze kugira ngo batohoze amahinguriro amwamwe y’imiti, amahinguriro y’amavuta n’amahinguriro y’amashanyarazi, hanyuma bakora n’umwete ubushakashatsi bwo kurwanya uburozi ku bipapuro n’ibihimba vy’amavalve.

3) Igerageza ry’ubushobozi bw’ibicuruzwa n’ubushakashatsi bw’ishimikiro bw’ivyiyumviro. Igihe bariko barakora ubushakashatsi mu vy’ubuhinga,inganda y'amavalvekandi yarakoze n’inguvu nyinshi igerageza ry’ubushobozi bw’ibintu be n’ubushakashatsi bw’ishimikiro bw’ivyiyumviro, maze ashika ku ngaruka nyinshi.

5. Guhindura ubuhinga bw'ibigo

Inyuma y’Inama ya Kaifeng mu 1973, iyo nganda yose yarahinduye ivy’ubuhinga. Ingorane nyamukuru zariho mu bijanye n’amavalve ico gihe: Ica mbere, uburyo bwo gukora bwari busubira inyuma, ugutera kwari gukorwa n’amaboko gusa, ugutera kw’igice kimwe, kandi ibikoresho vy’imashini vy’intumbero rusangi be n’ibikoresho vy’intumbero rusangi vyakoreshwa muri rusangi mu gukora mu buryo bukonje. Ni kubera ko ubwoko n’ibiranga uruganda rumwe rumwe bisubirwamwo birenze urugero, kandi umubare ni munini mu gihugu cose, ariko inyuma y’ugusangira uruganda rumwe rumwe, igice c’ibikorwa gica kiba gito cane, ivyo bikaba bigira ingaruka ku gukoresha ubushobozi bwo gukora. Mu kwishura ku ngorane zavuzwe haruguru, Ibiro Bikomeye n’Ibikuru vya Minisiteri ya mbere y’Imashini vyashizeho ingingo zikurikira: gutunganya amahinguriro y’amavalve y’umuvuduko munini n’umuvuduko munini ariho, gukora umugambi umwe, gucapura abakozi mu buryo bubereye, no kwagura ibikorwa vyinshi; kwemera ubuhinga buteye imbere, gushinga imirongo y’uguhingura, no gukorana mu mahinguriro nyamukuru no mu bibanza bitagiramwo ibintu. 4 imirongo yo gukora ivyuma vy’ubusa vyashinzwe mu mahugurwa yo gukora ivyuma, kandi imirongo 10 yo gukora ibihimba vy’ivyuma bikoreshwa mu buryo bukonje yarashinzwe mu mahinga atandatu y’ingenzi; amafaranga yose hamwe agera ku miriyoni 52 z’ama yuan yarashizwe mu guhindura ubuhinga.

(1) Guhindura ubuhinga bwo gutunganya ubushuhe Mu guhindura ubuhinga bwo gutunganya ubushuhe, ubuhinga nk’ububiko bw’amazi bw’ikiyo c’amazi, umusenyi uhinduwe amazi, ububiko bw’amazi n’ugucukura neza vyaramenyekanye cane. Gutera ivyatsi birashobora gutuma habaho ubuhinga butagiramwo ibice canke mbere butagira ibice. Ni vyiza ku rembo, ku mpapuro z’umubiri n’umubiri w’ivyuma n’igipfukisho c’ivyuma vy’uburebure buto, bifise inyungu zigaragara mu vy’ubutunzi. Mu mwaka w’1969, uruganda rw’amavalve rwo muri Shanghai Lianggong rwakoresheje ubwa mbere uburyo bwo gukora amavalve, ku bijanye n’umubiri w’amavalve PN16, DN50,

(2) Guhindura ubuhinga bwo gukora mu buryo bukonje Mu guhindura ubuhinga bwo gukora mu buryo bukonje, ibikoresho bidasanzwe vy’imashini n’imirongo y’uguhingura birakoreshwa mu bijanye n’ubuhinga bwo gukora amavalve. Mu mwaka w’1964, uruganda rwa Shanghai Valve No. 7 rwarateguye kandi rukora umurongo w’ivyuma vy’irembo vy’umubiri w’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma. Hanyuma, uruganda rwa Shanghai Valve No. 5 rwateguye kandi rukora umurongo w'ivyuma vy'ivyuma vy'ivyuma vy'ivyuma vy'ivyuma vy'ivyuma vy'ivyuma vy'ivyuma vy'ivyuma vy'ivyuma vy'ivyuma vy'ivyuma vy'ivyuma vy'ivyuma vy'ivyuma mu 1966.

6. Gutegura n’inguvu ubwoko bushasha no kwongereza urugero rw’ibice vyuzuye .

Kugira ngo bishobore gushitsa ivya nkenerwa vy’ibikoresho vyinshi vyuzuye nk’ivy’amavuta, inganda zikora imiti, inguvu z’umuyagankuba, ivyuma n’inganda zikora amavuta, inganda zikora amavalve ziriko zirategura n’inguvu ibintu bishasha mu gihe kimwe c’ihinduka ry’ubuhinga, ivyo bikaba vyatumye habaho uguhuza kw’ibikoresho vy’amavalve.

03 Incamake

Turavye inyuma mu myaka ya 1967-1978, iterambere ry’umuvuduko inganda zarigeze gushikirwa cane. Kubera iterambere ryihuta ry’inganda za peteroli, ivy’imiti, ivy’amashanyarazi, ivy’ivyuma n’ivy’amakara, amavalve y’umuvuduko munini n’uwuringaniye yaracitse “ibintu vy’igihe gito” mu gihe gito. Mu mwaka w’1972, ishirahamwe ry’abahinga mu vy’amavalve ryaratanguye gusubira gukora no gukora ibikorwa. Inyuma y’inama zibiri za Kaifeng, barakoze n’inguvu nyinshi “ibikorwa bitatu vyo guhindura ibintu bishasha” be n’ibikorwa vy’ubushakashatsi mu vy’ubuhinga, bica bituma haba umupfunda w’ihinduka ry’ubuhinga muri iyo nganda yose. Mu 1975, inganda zikora amavalve zaratanguye gukosora, maze ivyo inganda zikora vyarahindutse neza.

Mu mwaka w’1973, Komisiyo y’Igihugu y’Igenamigambi yemeje ingingo z’ibikorwa remezo vyo kwongerera umusaruro w’inguvu nyinshi n’izo hagati .amavalve. Inyuma y’ishoramari, inganda zikora amavalve zarakoze ihinduka rishoboka. Biciye mu guhindura no guteza imbere ubuhinga, ubuhinga bumwe bumwe buteye imbere bwarashizweho, ku buryo urugero rw’ugutunganya ibintu mu buryo bukonje mu nganda yose rwateye imbere ku rugero runaka, kandi urugero rw’ugukoresha imashini mu gutunganya ibintu mu buryo bw’ubushuhe rwarateye imbere ku rugero runaka. Inyuma y’uguteza imbere uburyo bwo gusudira bukoresheje plasma spray, uburyo bw’ibikoresho vy’ibikoresho vy’amazi bifise umuvuduko munini n’uwuringaniye bwarateye imbere cane, kandi ingorane y’“ugusohoka kumwe gugufi n’ugusohoka kabiri” na yo nyene yarateye imbere. Kubera ko imigambi 32 y’ingero z’ibikorwa remezo yarangijwe kandi ikaba ikora, inganda z’amavalve zo mu Bushinwa zifise umushinge ukomeye kandi zifise ubushobozi bwinshi bwo gukora. Kuva mu 1970, umusaruro w’amavalve y’umuvuduko munini n’uw’agaciro kanini warabandanije gukura. Kuva mu mwaka w’1972 gushika mu mwaka w’1975, umusaruro wariyongereye uva kuri 21.284t uja kuri 38.500t, n’ukwiyongera kw’amat 17.216 mu myaka 4, bingana n’umusaruro w’umwaka mu 1970. Umusaruro w’umwaka w’amavalve y’umuvuduko muto warahagaze ku rugero rwa 7.000. Muri ico kiringo,umupfunda inganda zateguye n’inguvu ibintu bishasha, si ubwoko bw’ibikoresho vy’intumbero rusangi gusa bwateguwe cane, ariko kandi n’ibikoresho bidasanzwe vy’ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi, imiyoboro, umuvuduko munini cane, ubushuhe buke n’inganda z’ibirwanisho vya kirimbuzi, ivy’indege n’ibindi bikoresho bikoreshwa mu buryo budasanzwe na vyo nyene vyarateye imbere cane. Nimba imyaka ya 1960 yari igihe c’iterambere rikomeye ry’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga rusangi, rero imyaka ya 1970 yari igihe c’iterambere rikomeye ry’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga budasanzwe. Ubushobozi bwo gufasha ibikorwa vyo mu gihuguamavalve ryarateye imbere cane, rikaba mu bisanzwe rihuye n’ivyo inzego zitandukanye z’ubutunzi bw’igihugu zikeneye mu bijanye n’iterambere.