Incamake
Igikoreshoni igicuruzwa gihambaye mu mashini rusangi. Ishirwa ku miyoboro itandukanye canke ku bikoresho vyo kugenzura uruja n’uruza rw’amazi mu guhindura ahantu h’umuyoboro uri muri valve. Imirimo yayo ni: gufatanya canke guca umurongo, kubuza umurongo gusubira inyuma, gutunganya ibipimo nk’umuvuduko w’umurongo n’uruja n’uruza, guhindura inzira y’uruja n’uruza rw’umurongo, kugabanya umurongo canke kurinda imiyoboro n’ibikoresho umuvuduko urengeje urugero, n’ibindi.
Hari ubwoko bwinshi bw’ibikoresho vy’amavalve, ivyo bikaba bigabanywamwo .umuvuduko w'irembo, umupfunda w'umubumbe,gusuzuma umuvuduko, umupira w'amazi,ikinyugunyugu, umupfunda w’ivyuma, umupfunda w’ivyuma, umupfunda w’umutekano, umupfunda wo gutunganya (umupfunda wo kugenzura), umupfunda wo gutera umuriro, umupfunda wo kugabanya umuvuduko n’Imitego, n’ibindi; Dukurikije ibikoresho, bigabanywamwo ivyuma vy’umuringa, ivyuma vy’umuringa, ivyuma vy’umuringa, ivyuma vy’umuringa, ivyuma vy’umuringa, ivyuma vy’imirongo ibiri vy’umuringa, ivyuma vy’umuringa bishingiye kuri nickel, ivyuma vy’umuringa vy’umuringa, ivyuma vy’ubuhinga, ivyuma vy’ubuhinga, ivyuma vy’ububasha bw’ivyuma, n’ibindi. amavalve, amavalve y’imiyoboro n’imiyoboro, amavalve y’inganda z’imishwarara, amavalve y’ubwato n’amavalve y’ivyuma vy’amazi. Ivyiyumviro vyinshi vy’imirongo y’amazi, ubunini bw’izina kuva kuri DN1 (unit in mm) gushika kuri DN9750; umuvuduko w'izina uva ku busa burengeye ubw' 1× 10-10 mmHg (1mmHg = 133,322Pa) gushika ku gipimo c’umuvuduko munini cane wa PN14600 (igice ca 105 Pa); Ubushuhe bwo gukora buva ku bushuhe bwo hasi cane bwa -269°Cku bushuhe burengeye cane bwa 1200°C.
Ibintu vy'amavalve zikoreshwa cane mu nzego zitandukanye z’ubutunzi bw’igihugu, nk’amavuta, gazi kavukire, gutunganya no gutunganya amavuta na gazi n’uburyo bwo kubitwara mu matiyo, ibintu biva mu miti, uburyo bwo guhingura imiti n’ibifungurwa, inguvu z’amazi, inguvu z’ubushuhe n’uburyo bwo guhingura inguvu z’imishwarara; Ubwoko butandukanye bw’amavalve burakoreshwa cane mu gushusha no gutanga amashanyarazi, mu guhingura ivyuma, mu gukoresha amazi mu bwato, mu modoka, mu ndege no mu mashini zitandukanye zo gukina, no mu gufumbira no gukura amazi mu mirima. Ikindi, mu bijanye n’ubuhinga bushasha nk’ubuhinga bwo kwikingira n’ubuhinga bwo mu kirere, hakoreshwa n’amavalve atandukanye afise ubushobozi budasanzwe.
Ibintu vy’amavalve ni vyo bifata igice kinini c’ibintu vy’amashini. Dushingiye ku mibare y’ibihugu vy’amahanga vy’indwara, agaciro k’ivyo amavalve asohora gafise nk’ibice 5 kw’ijana vy’agaciro k’ivyo inganda zose zikora zikora imashini. Dukurikije imibare, uruganda rwa kera rw’inguvu z’imishwarara rugizwe n’amakilowati imiliyoni zibiri rufise amavalve nka 28.000 asangiye, muri ayo nka 12.000 ni amavalve y’izinga ry’imishwarara. Igikoresho kinini co muri iki gihe c’ubuhinga bwa peteroli gisaba amavalve atandukanye ibihumbi amajana, kandi amahera ashirwa mu mavalve muri rusangi afata 8% gushika kuri 10% y’amahera yose ashirwa mu bikoresho.
Ivyabaye muri rusangi vy'inganda z'amavalve mu Bushinwa bwa kera
01 Aho inganda z'amavalve zo mu Bushinwa zavukiye: Shanghai
Mu Bushinwa bwa kera, Shanghai niho habanza gukorwa amavalve mu Bushinwa. Mu 1902, Ishirahamwe ry’Umuringa ryitwa Pan Shunji, ryari ku nzira ya Wuchang, mu Karere ka Hongkou, i Shanghai, ryatanguye gukora utugwi dutoduto tw’ibikoresho vyo gukoresha mu guteka icayi n’amaboko. Igikarabiro c’icayi ni ubwoko bw’inkoko y’umuringa. Ni ryo rya mbere rikora ama valve mu Bushinwa rizwi gushika ubu. Mu mwaka w’1919, uruganda rwa Deda (Shengji) Hardware (rwabanjirije uruganda rw’amamashini rwo gutanga amakuru rwo muri Shanghai) rwatanguye ku nkweto ntoyi, rutangura gukora amakoko y’umuringa afise uburebure buto, amavalve y’umupira, amavalve y’irembo n’amavalve y’umuriro. Gukora amavalve y’ivyuma vyatanguye mu 1926, afise ubunini burengeye ubundi bwose bwa NPS6 (mu nkuru, NPS1 = DN25.4). Muri ico kiringo, amahinguriro y’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none nka Wang Yingqiang, Dahua, Lao Demao na Maoxu na yo nyene yarafunguwe kugira ngo akore amavalve. Hanyuma, kubera ko hariho ukwiyongera kw’abashaka amavalve y’amazi kw’isoko, hari uwundi mugwi w’amahinguriro y’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none, amahinguriro y’ivyuma, amahinguriro y’ugucukura umusenyi (casting) n’amahinguriro y’amamashini yafunguwe kugira ngo akore amavalve akurikiranye.
Ishirahamwe ry’abahinguzi b’amavalve ryashinzwe mu turere twa Zhonghongqiao, Waihongqiao, inzira ya Daming n’inzira ya Changzhi mu karere ka Hongkou, i Shanghai. Iciyo gihe, amabara yagurishwa cane kw’isoko ryo mu gihugu yari “Umutwe w’ifarashi”, “Itatu 8′′, “Itatu 9′′, “Igiceri ca kabiri”, “Inanga y’icuma”, “Umupira w’inkoko” na “Umupira w’inkukuma”. Ibintu vy’umuringa n’ivyuma bifise umuvuduko muto bikoreshwa canecane mu gutera amazi mu nyubakwa no mu bibanza vy’isuku, kandi ivyuma bikeyi na vyo nyene birakoreshwa mu bijanye n’impuzu zidakomeye. Izo mahinga ni nto cane, zifise ubuhinga busubiye inyuma, ibikoresho vy’uruganda vyoroshe kandi zitanga amavalve make, ariko ni zo za mbere zavukiye inganda z’amavalve mu Bushinwa. Mu nyuma, inyuma y’aho ishirahamwe ry’ibikoresho vy’ubwubatsi ry’i Shanghai rishinzwe, abo bahinga b’amavalve barinjiye muri iryo shirahamwe umwe akurikira uwundi, baba umugwi w’inzira z’amazi. umunyamuryango.
02Inganda zibiri nini zikora amavalve
Mu ntango z’umwaka wa 1930, uruganda rw’amamashini rwitwa Shanghai Shenhe rwakoze amavalve y’amarembo y’icuma akoresheje umuvuduko mutoyi ari munsi ya NPS12 kugira ngo akoreshe mu bikorwa vy’amazi. Mu mwaka w’1935, iryo shirahamwe ryashinze ubufatanye n’ishirahamwe ry’ivyuma ryitwa Xiangfeng Iron Pipe Factory be n’abanyamigabane ry’ishirahamwe ry’ivyuma ryitwa Xiangtai Iron Co., Ltd. (1 zhang≈3.33m) lathes n’ibikoresho vyo guterura, ahanini bikora ibikoresho vy’inganda n’ivy’ubucukuzi, imiyoboro y’amazi y’icuma n’ibikoresho vy’ivyuma, ubunini bw’izina ry’ivyo bikoresho ni NPS6 ~ NPS18, kandi Bishobora guhingura no gutanga ibikoresho vyuzuye vy’ibikoresho vy’amazi vy’ibigo vya Hanjiung Beijing, kandi ibintu birungikwa hanze, ku Nanjinghoz. Inyuma y’aho “13 Myandagaro” Abayapani bateye igisagara ca Shanghai mu 1937, igice kinini c’uruganda n’ibikoresho vyo muri iryo shirahamwe vyasambuwe n’umuriro w’ibirwanisho vy’Abayapani. ntibashoboye gusubirana gushika ku musi mukuru w’ishingwa ry’Ubushinwa Bushasha.
Mu mwaka w’1935, abafise imigabane batanu harimwo na Li Chenghai, umucuruzi w’igihugu, bafatanije gushinga uruganda rw’ivyuma rwa Shenyang Chengfa (rwabanjirije uruganda rw’ivyuma vyo gufatanya) ku nzira ya Shishiwei, mu karere ka Nancheng, mu gisagara ca Shenyang. Gusana no gukora amavalve. Mu 1939, iryo shirahamwe ryimuriwe mw’ibarabara rya Beierma, mu Karere ka Tiexi kugira ngo ryaguke, hanyuma hubakwa amasengesho abiri manini manini yo gucukura n’ugukoresha imashini. Mu 1945, ryari ryarakuze rishika ku bakozi 400, kandi ibintu nyamukuru ryakora vyari: amaboteri maninimanini, amavalve y’umuringa, n’amavalve y’amarembo y’icuma yo munsi y’ubutaka afise ubunini buri munsi ya DN800. Uruganda rw’ivyuma rwa Shenyang Chengfa ni uruganda rukora ama valve ruriko rurarwana kugira ngo rubeho mu Bushinwa bwa kera.
03Inganda y'amavalve iri inyuma
Mu gihe c’intambara yo kurwanya Ubuyapani, amashirahamwe menshi yo mu gisagara ca Shanghai no mu bindi bibanza yarimukiye mu bumanuko bushira uburengero, ni co gituma igitigiri c’amashirahamwe yo mu gisagara ca Chongqing no mu bindi bibanza vyo mu karere k’inyuma cariyongereye cane, maze iyo nganda itangura gutera imbere. Mu mwaka w’1943, uruganda rw’amamashini rwa Chongqing Hongtai n’uruganda rw’amamashini rwa Huachang (ayo mahinguriro yompi yari imbere y’uruganda rwa Chongqing Valve) zatanguye gusanura no gukora ibihimba vy’amazi n’amavalve y’umuvuduko muto, ivyo bikaba vyaragize uruhara runini mu guteza imbere ibikorwa vy’intambara n’ivy’ugutorera umuti amazi mu gihe c’intambara. Inyuma y’intsinzi y’intambara yo kurwanya Ubuyapani, uruganda rw’ibikoresho vya Lisheng, ishirahamwe ry’inganda rya Zhenxing, uruganda rwa Jinshunhe n’uruganda rwa Qiyi vyarakurikiranye gufungura kugira ngo bikore utuvunji dutoduto. Inyuma y’aho Ubushinwa Bushasha bushinzwe, ayo mahinguriro yarahujwe aba uruganda rw’amavalve rwa Chongqing.
Iciyo gihe, bamwebamwe .abahinguzi b'ama valvei Shanghai na bo nyene baja i Tianjin, Nanjing na Wuxi kugira ngo bubake amahinguriro yo gusanura no gukora amavalve. Amahinguriro amwe amwe y’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga, amahinguriro y’imiyoboro y’ivyuma, amahinguriro y’amamashini canke amahinguriro y’ubwato i Beijing, Dalian, Changchun, Harbin, Anshan, Qingdao, Wuhan, Fuzhou na Guangzhou na yo nyene yaragize uruhara mu gusanura no gukora amavalve amwamwe y’amazi.
Igihe co kwandika: 21 Nyakanga 2022
