Amateka y’Iterambere ry’Ihinguriro ry’Ivyuma vy’Ubushinwa (2)

Intambwe ya mbere y’ubuhinga bwo gukora amavalve (1949-1959)

Gutegura gufasha ubutunzi bw'igihugu gusubirana

Igihe co kuva mu 1949 gushika mu 1952 ni co gihe ubutunzi bw’igihugu canje bwasubiye inyuma. Kubera ivy’ubwubatsi bw’ubutunzi bikenewe, igihugu gikeneye vyihutirwa umubare munini w’abantuamavalve, si gusaumuvuduko muto, ariko kandi n’umugwi w’ibikoresho vy’umuyagankuba vy’umuvuduko munini n’uw’umuvuduko mutoyi bitakozwe ico gihe. Uko twotunganya ibikorwa vy’uguhingura amavalve kugira ngo bishobore gushitsa ivyo igihugu gikeneye vyihutirwa ni igikorwa kiremereye kandi kigoye.

1. Kuyobora no gushigikira ibikorwa

Mu bijanye n’ingingo ngenderwako y’“uguteza imbere umusaruro, guteza imbere ubutunzi, hakurikijwe ivya Leta n’ivy’abikorera ku giti cabo, no kugirira akamaro abakozi n’umutungo kamere”, Leta y’abantu irafata uburyo bwo gutunganya no gusaba, kandi igashigikira n’inkomezi ibigo vy’abikorera ku giti cabo biringaniye n’ibitobito kugira ngo bisubire kwugurura no gukora amavalve. Ku musi mukuru w'ishingwa rya Repubulika y'Ubushinwa, uruganda rw'ivyuma rwa Shenyang Chengfa rwaciye rufunga ubucuruzi bwarwo kubera imyenda myinshi rwari rufise n'isoko ry'ibicuruzwa vyarwo, rusiga abakozi 7 gusa barinda uruganda, rukagurisha n'ibikoresho 14 vy'imashini kugira ngo rufashe amafaranga. Inyuma y’aho Ubushinwa Bushasha bushingiwe, bushigikiwe na Leta y’abantu, iryo shirahamwe ryarasubiye gukora, kandi igitigiri c’abakozi muri uwo mwaka caraduze kiva kuri 7 kija kuri 96 igihe catangura. Hanyuma, iryo shirahamwe ryaremeye gutunganya ibikoresho bivuye mu kigo ca Shenyang Hardware Machinery, maze ivyo bikoresho vyaciye bifata uburyo bushasha. Igitigiri c’abakozi caraduze kigera kuri 329, ku mwaka hakaba hasohoka amaseti 610 y’amavalve atandukanye, hakaba hari agaciro k’amayuan 830.000. Muri ico kiringo nyene i Shanghai, si amashirahamwe yigenga gusa yari yarakoze amavalve yasubiye kugurura, ariko ubutunzi bw’igihugu bugarutse, amashirahamwe matomato menshi yigenga yarafunguye canke ahindukira akora amavalve, ivyo bikaba vyatumye ishirahamwe ry’ibikoresho vy’ubwubatsi ico gihe ryaguka cane.

2. Gugura no kugurisha bimwe, gutunganya ibikorwa vy'amavalve

Kubera ko amashirahamwe menshi y’abikorera ku giti cabo yahindutse ubuhinga bwo gukora amavalve, ishirahamwe ry’intango ry’ibikoresho vy’ubwubatsi ry’i Shanghai ntiryashoboye gushitsa ibisabwa vyo gutera imbere. Mu mwaka w’1951, abahinguzi b’amavalve bo mu gisagara ca Shanghai barashinze amashirahamwe 6 yo gukora ibikorwa vyo gutunganya no gusaba ibintu vy’i Shanghai vy’Ishirahamwe ry’Ivy’Imashini ry’Ubushinwa, no gushitsa ugugura n’ugucuruza bimwe. Nk’akarorero, Daxin Iron Works, ikora igikorwa co gukora amavalve manini manini y’umuvuduko muto, n’uruganda rw’amamashini rwa Yuanda, Zhongxin, Jinlong na Lianggong, rukora amavalve y’umuvuduko munini n’uw’umuvuduko muto, vyose bishigikirwa n’Ibiro vy’Igisagara ca Shanghai, Ibiro vy’Igisagara ca Shanghai. Mu buyobozi bw’ubuyobozi bwa peteroli bwa Minisitere y’inganda, amategeko ataco akora arashirwa mu ngiro, hanyuma agahindukira akaja ku mategeko yo gukora. Leta y’abantu yarafashije ibigo vyigenga gutsinda ingorane zo mu guhingura no kugurisha biciye mu ngingo ngenderwako y’ugugura no kugurisha, mu ntango yahinduye ubukene bw’ubutunzi bw’ibigo vyigenga, yongera itera imbere umunezero wo guhingura w’abafise ubucuruzi n’abakozi, abasubiye inyuma cane mu vy’ubuhinga, ibikoresho n’ibindi umubare munini w’ibikoresho vy’amavalve vy’ibigo bihambaye nk’amahinguriro y’amashanyarazi, amahinguriro y’ivyuma n’ibibanza vy’amavuta kugira ngo bisubire gukora.

3. Iterambere ryo gusubizaho ibikorwa vy'ubwubatsi bw'ubutunzi bw'igihugu

Mu mugambi w’imyaka itanu ya mbere, Leta yarabonye imigambi 156 y’ingenzi y’ubwubatsi, muri iyo migambi yo gusubizaho itongo ry’amavuta rya Yumen n’ibikorwa vya Anshan Iron and Steel Company ni imigambi ibiri minini. Kugira ngo hasubire gukorwa amavuta mu kibanza c’amavuta ca Yumen vuba, Ibiro bijejwe gucungera amavuta ya peteroli vyo muri Minisitere y’Inganda z’amavuta y’ibitoro vyatunganije uguhingura ibihimba vy’amamashini y’amavuta i Shanghai. Ihinguriro ry’ivyuma ryitwa Shanghai Jinlong Hardware Factory n’abandi baratanguye igikorwa co kugerageza gukora umugwi w’ibikoresho vy’ivyuma bifise uburemere buringaniye. Birashoboka kwiyumvira ingorane zo kugerageza gukora amavalve y’umuvuduko mutoyi akoreshwa n’amahinguriro matomato akora nk’ay’amasengesho. Hari ubwoko bushobora kwiganwa gusa hakurikijwe ivyerekanwa bitangwa n’abakoresha, kandi ibintu vy’ukuri birasuzumwa bigashirwa ku ikarita. Kubera ko uburyo bw’ivyuma vyari bicuzwe butari bwiza bihagije, umubiri w’ivyuma vy’intango vyari bicuzwe vyategerezwa guhindurwa ukaba ivyuma vy’ivyuma. Iciyo gihe, nta n’igikoresho co gucukura cariho co gukora imyobo y’umubiri w’ivyuma vy’umubumbe, rero vyari gushobora gucukurwa n’amaboko gusa, hanyuma bikakosorwa n’umuhinga mu vyo gucukura. Tumaze gutsinda ingorane nyinshi, amaherezo twarashoboye gukora igerageza ry’ibikoresho vy’amarembo vy’icuma vy’umuvuduko uri hagati NPS3/8 ~ NPS2 n’ibikoresho vy’umubumbe, ivyo bikaba vyakiriwe neza n’abakoresha. Mu gice ca kabiri c’umwaka w’1952, amahinguriro ya Shanghai Yuanta, Zhongxin, Weiye, Lianggong n’ayandi mahinguriro yarafashe igikorwa co kugerageza no gukora cane amavalve y’icuma gikoreshwa mu gukoresha amavuta ya peteroli. Iciyo gihe, hakoreshwa imigero n’ingingo mfatirwako z’Abasoviyeti, kandi abahinga bariga mu gukora, kandi baranesha ingorane nyinshi mu guhingura. Ivyo bikorwa vyo kugerageza gukora amavalve y’icuma co mu gisagara ca Shanghai vyatunganijwe na Minisitere y’Ivyuma, kandi vyaronse n’ubufatanye bw’amahinguriro atandukanye yo muri Shanghai. Uruganda rwa Aziya (ubu rwitwa Shanghai Rusanura Amamashini) rwaratanga ivyuma vy’ivyuma vyari bihuye n’ivyo bisabwa, Uruganda rwa Sifang Boiler na rwo rwarafashije mu gutera ibisasu. Ico kigeragezo carahejeje kuroranirwa mu kugerageza gukora igishushanyo c’ivyuma vy’ivyuma, maze baca bategura gukora vyinshi maze babirungika mu kigo ca Yumen Oilfield kugira ngo bikoreshwe ku gihe. Muri ico gihe nyene, ibikorwa vy’ivyuma vy’i Shenyang Chengfa be n’ivy’i Shanghai Daxin na vyo nyene vyaratanze .amavalve y'umuvuduko muton’ubunini buhambaye bw’amazina bw’ibigo vy’amashanyarazi, Anshan Iron and Steel Company kugira ngo isubire gukora n’ubwubatsi bw’ibisagara.

Mu gihe ubutunzi bw’igihugu bwariko burasubirana, inganda z’amavalve mu gihugu canje zarateye imbere cane. Mu mwaka w’1949, umusaruro w’amavalve wari 387t gusa, ivyo bikaba vyariyongereye bishika kuri 1015t mu 1952. Mu buryo bw’ubuhinga, ryarashoboye gukora amavalve y’icuma n’amavalve manini y’umuvuduko muto, ivyo bikaba bitatanga gusa amavalve ahuye n’ugusubirana kw’ubutunzi bw’igihugu, ariko kandi vyashizeho iterambere ryiza ry’inganda y’Ubushinwa.

Inganda zikora amavalve zatanguye

Mu mwaka w’1953, igihugu canje caratanguye umugambi wa mbere w’imyaka itanu, maze inganda nk’iza peteroli, inganda z’imiti, ivyuma, amashanyarazi n’amakara vyose vyatumye iterambere ryihuta. Muri ico gihe, ivy’ugukenera amavalve biragwira. Iciyo gihe, naho hariho amahinguriro mato mato yigenga menshi cane akora amavalve, inguvu zabo zo mu vy’ubuhinga zari zigoyagoya, ibikoresho vyabo vyari vyacitse igihe, amahinguriro yabo yari yoroshe, umunzane wabo wari muto cane, kandi wari utatanye cane. Kugira ngo ubutunzi bw’igihugu butere imbere vyihuta, Minisiteri ya mbere y’inganda z’amamashini (yitwa Minisiteri ya mbere y’amamashini) irabandanya gusubira gutunganya no guhindura amashirahamwe yigenga y’intango no kwagura ubuhinga bwo gukora amavalve. Muri ico gihe nyene, hariho imigambi n’intambwe zo kwubaka umugongo n’ibikoresho vy’urufunguzo. Enterprise, inganda y’amavalve y’igihugu canje yatanguye gutangura.

1. Gusubira gutunganya inganda zikora amavalve ya kabiri i Shanghai

Inyuma y’aho Ubushinwa Bushasha bushingiwe, Ishirahamwe ryashize mu ngiro politike yo “gukoresha, kubuza no guhindura” inganda n’ubudandaji vy’abanyagihugu.

Vyabonetse ko i Shanghai hari amahinguriro matomato 60 canke 70 y’amavalve. Iryo shirahamwe rinini kuruta ayandi yose ryari rifise abantu 20 gushika kuri 30 gusa, irya ntoyi ryari rifise abantu bakeyi gusa. Naho ayo mahinguriro akora amavalve, ubuhinga bwayo n’uburongozi bwayo birasubiye inyuma cane, ibikoresho n’inyubakwa z’uruganda biroroshe, kandi uburyo bwo kuyakora burasanzwe. Hariho gusa ibikoresho vy’imashini imwe canke zibiri vyoroshe canke vy’umukanda, kandi hariho gusa amafuru amwamwe y’ibikoresho vy’ugutera, menshi muri yo akoreshwa n’amaboko. , ata bushobozi bwo guhingura n’ibikoresho vyo kugerageza. Ivyo ntibibereye gukoreshwa mu guhingura ibintu muri iki gihe, eka mbere ntibishobora gushitsa ibisabwa na Leta mu guhingura ibintu vyategekanijwe, kandi ntibishoboka ko umuntu agenzura uburyo ibintu biva mu bikoresho vy’amavalve bimeze. Kugira ngo ivyo bishoboke, Leta y’Abanyagihugu y’Igisagara ca Shanghai yaragiranye ubufatanye n’abahinguzi b’amavalve i Shanghai, maze bashinga ama Switches y’Imiyoboro ya Shanghai No 1, No 2, No 3, No 4, No 5, No 6 n’izindi nzego zikomeye. Hashizwe hamwe ivyo bivugwa haruguru, uburongozi bushingiye ku buhinga n’uburyo, buhuza neza uburongozi busanzwe kandi buteye akajagari, gutyo bugatuma benshi mu bakozi bagira umunezero wo kwubaka ubumwe bw’abanyagihugu, ivyo ni vyo vya mbere bikomeye vyo gusubira gutunganya inganda z’amavalve.

Inyuma y’ubufatanye bwa Leta n’abikorera ku giti cabo mu 1956, inganda z’amavalve i Shanghai zarahinduwe ubwa kabiri no gusubira gutunganya inganda ku rugero runini, maze hashingwa amashirahamwe y’abahinga nk’ishirahamwe ry’ubwubatsi ry’i Shanghai, ishirahamwe ry’uguhingura ibihimba vy’amamashini ya peteroli n’ishirahamwe ry’amamashini rusangi. Iryo shirahamwe ry’amavalve ryari rifise ubucuti n’ubuhinga bwo kwubaka, ryashinze Yuanda, Rongfa, Zhongxin, Weiye, Jinlong, Zhao Yongda, Tongxin, Fuchang, Wang Yingqi, Yunchang, Dehe, Jinfa, na Xie hakurikijwe uturere. Hari amahinguriro hagati nka 20 i Dalian, Yuchang, Deda, n’ibindi, uruganda rwo hagati rumwe rumwe rufise amahinguriro menshi y’inyenyeri ari munsi y’ububasha bwarwo. Mu ruganda rwa mbere hashinzwe ishami ry’umugambwe n’ishirahamwe ry’abakozi ry’abanyagihugu. Leta yashinze abaserukira abantu bose kurongora ibikorwa vy’ubutegetsi, kandi bihuye n’ivyo, ishinga imirwi y’ubudandaji y’uguhingura, ugutanga n’ivy’amahera, maze buhoro buhoro ishira mu ngiro uburyo bwo kurongora busa n’ubw’ibigo vya Leta. Muri ico gihe nyene, akarere ka Shenyang na ko nyene karahuje amahinguriro matomato 21 akagira Chengfa .Umuvuduko w'iremboUruganda. Kuva ico gihe, Leta yarashize ibikorwa vy’ibikorwa vy’ibigo bitobito n’ibiciriye hagati mu nzira y’igenamigambi ry’igihugu biciye mu nzego z’uburongozi ku nzego zose, kandi yarateguye yongera itunganya ibikorwa vy’ibikorwa vy’amavalve. Ivyo ni ihinduka mu bijanye n’uburongozi bw’ibikorwa vy’ibigo vy’amavalve kuva Ubushinwa Bushasha bushingwa.

2. Uruganda rw'amamashini rwa Shenyang rwahinduwe rukora amavalve

Mu gihe nyene abahinguzi b’amavalve bariko barasubira gutunganya i Shanghai, Igisata ca mbere c’amamashini caragabanije ibikorwa vy’uruganda rumwe rumwe rufitaniye isano n’iryo shirahamwe, kandi kiratomora uburongozi bw’umwuga bwo gukora ibikorwa vy’uruganda rufitaniye isano n’iryo shirahamwe be n’amahinguriro manini manini y’igihugu yo mu karere. Ihinguriro ry’amamashini ry’i Shenyang ryahinduwe rikagira uruganda rw’abahinga mu bijanye n’uguhingura amavalve. ikigo. Iryo shirahamwe ryabanjirije iryo shirahamwe ryari ibiro vy’ubutegetsi vy’ibiro vy’ubutegetsi vy’igihugu n’uruganda rw’Abayapani rwitwa Dechang. Inyuma y’aho Ubushinwa Bushasha bushinzwe, iryo shirahamwe ryari rikora canecane ibikoresho bitandukanye vy’imashini be n’ibikoresho vyo gufatanya amatiyo. Mu 1953, ryaratanguye gukora imashini zikoreshwa mu gukora ibiti. Mu mwaka w’1954, igihe cari kirongowe ata guca ku ruhande n’Ibiro vya mbere vya Minisitere y’Imashini, cari gifise abakozi 1.585 n’amaseti 147 y’amamashini n’ibikoresho bitandukanye. Kandi irafise ubushobozi bwo gukora ivyuma bicuzwe, kandi inguvu z’ubuhinga zirakomeye cane. Kuva mu 1955, kugira ngo bihure n’iterambere ry’umugambi w’igihugu, vyahindukiye bigaragara mu gukora amavalve, risubira kwubaka amasengesho y’intango yo gukora ivyuma, gukoranya, gukoresha ibikoresho, gusanura imashini no gutera ivyuma, ryubaka amasengesho mashasha yo gutera amabuye n’ugusudira, rishinga laboratwari nkuru y’ivy’ubuhinga n’ivy’ubuhinga bwa none. Hari abahinga bavuye mu ruganda rw’amapompa rwa Shenyang. Mu mwaka w’1956, 837t z’umuvuduko mutovyarakozwe, maze hatangura gukorwa cane amavalve y’umuvuduko munini n’uw’agaciro gatoyi. Mu mwaka w’1959, hakozwe 4213t z’amavalve, harimwo 1291t y’amavalve y’umuvuduko munini n’uw’umuvuduko muto. Mu mwaka w’1962, ryahinduwe izina ryitwa uruganda rw’amavalve y’umuvuduko munini n’uw’i Shenyang, rikaba rimwe mu mashirahamwe manini manini y’umugongo mu bijanye n’amavalve.

3. Iherezo rya mbere ry'uguhingura amavalve

Mu misi ya mbere y’ishingwa ry’Ubushinwa Bushasha, igikorwa co gukora amavalve mu gihugu canje cari gitorwa ahanini n’ugufashanya n’intambara. Mu kiringo ca “Great Leap Forward”, inganda z’amavalve zo mu gihugu canje zarashikiwe n’iherezo rya mbere ry’uguhingura. Ivyo amavalve asohora: 387t mu 1949, 8126t mu 1956, 49746t mu 1959, incuro 128,5 z’ivyo mu 1949, n’incuro 6,1 z’ivyo mu 1956 igihe ubufatanye bwa Leta n’abikorera ku giti cabo bwashingwa. Ibikorwa vy’uguhingura amavalve y’umuvuduko munini n’uw’agaciro kanini vyatanguye bikerewe, kandi uguhingura vyinshi vyatanguye mu 1956, bikaba vyatanga 175t ku mwaka. Mu mwaka w’1959, umusaruro washitse kuri 1799t, ivyo bikaba vyari incuro 10,3 z’ivyo mu mwaka w’1956.Iterambere ryihuse ry’ubwubatsi bw’ubutunzi bw’igihugu ryatumye habaho intambwe nini mu bijanye n’ubuhinga bwo gukora amavalve. Mu 1955, uruganda rw’amavalve rwitwa Shanghai Lianggong rwaragerageje neza igiti ca Noweli co gukoresha mu kibanza c’amavuta co muri Yumen; Shanghai Yuanda, Zhongxin, Weiye, Rongfa n’ayandi mahinguriro y’imashini agerageza gukora ivyuma vy’ivyuma, ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’agaciro kanini n’ivyuma vy’agaciro kanini n’ivyuma vy’agaciro kanini vy’imirima y’amavuta n’ibigo vy’ifumbire Ivyuma vy’ifumbire vy’agaciro kanini vy’i PN160 na PN320; Uruganda rw’amamashini rwa Shenyang rusangi be n’uruganda rw’ivyuma rwa Suzhou (urwo rwabanjirije uruganda rw’amavalve rwa Suzhou) rwashoboye kugerageza gukora amavalve y’umuvuduko munini y’uruganda rw’ifumbire rw’ishirahamwe ry’inganda z’imiti ryitwa Jilin; Uruganda rw’ivyuma rwa Shenyang Chengfa rwashoboye kugerageza gukora umuyagankuba ufise ubunini bwa DN3000. Ni ryo ryari rinini kandi riremereye kuruta ayandi yose mu Bushinwa ico gihe; Ihinguriro ry’amamashini rusangi ry’i Shenyang ryarashoboye kugerageza-gukora amavalve y’umuvuduko munini cane afise ubunini bw’izina bwa DN3 ~ DN10 n’umuvuduko w’izina wa PN1500 ~ PN2000 ku gikoresho co kugerageza umuvuduko munini w’ivyuma vy’impuzu z’impuzu; Uruganda rwa Shanghai Daxin Iron Factory rwakorewe inganda zikora ivyuma Igipfukisho c’umuyaga ushyuha gifise ubushuhe bwinshi gifise ubunini bw’izina bwa DN600 n’igipfukisho c’umuyaga gifise ubunini bw’izina bwa DN900; Uruganda rw’amazi rwa Dalian, uruganda rw’amazi rwa Wafangdian, n’ibindi na vyo nyene vyarateye imbere cane. Ukwiyongera kw’ubwoko n’ingero vy’ibikoresho vy’amazi vyatumye habaho iterambere ry’ubuhinga bwo gukora ibikoresho vy’amazi. Cane cane kubera ivy’ubwubatsi bikenewe mu bijanye n’ubuhinga bwa “Great Leap Forward”, amahinguriro mato mato n’ayisumbuye y’amavalve yarateye imbere mu gihugu cose. Mu mwaka w’1958, amashirahamwe y’igihugu akora amavalve yari afise Hariho hafi ijana, bikaba vyagize umugwi munini w’abakora amavalve. Mu mwaka w’1958, umusaruro wose w’amavalve waraduze ugera kuri 24.163t, ni ukuvuga ko wariyongereyeko 80% ugereranije n’umwaka w’1957; Muri ico kiringo, igikorwa co gukora amavalve mu gihugu canje carashitse ku ntumbero ya mbere. Ariko rero, kubera ugutangura kw’abahinguzi b’amavalve, na vyo nyene vyarazanye urutonde rw’ingorane. Nk’akarorero: gukurikirana ubwinshi gusa, si ugukurikirana uburyo; “gukora bitobito no gukora binini, uburyo bwo mu karere”, ukubura ivy’ubuhinga; guhingura mu gihe uriko urakora, kubura ivyiyumviro bihuye; gukopa n’ugukopa, bikaba bitera urujijo mu vy’ubuhinga. Kubera amategeko yabo atandukanye, umwe wese afise uburyo butandukanye. Amajambo y’amavalve ntahuye ahantu hatandukanye, kandi urutonde rw’umuvuduko w’izina n’ubunini bw’izina ntiruhuye. Amahinguriro amwe amwe yerekeza ku ngingo mfatirwako z’Abasoviyeti, ayandi yerekeza ku ngingo mfatirwako z’Abayapani, ayandi na yo yerekeza ku ngingo mfatirwako z’Abanyamerika n’Abongereza. Ivyiyumviro vyinshi cane. Ku bijanye n’ubwoko, ibisobanuro, ingero z’uguhuza, uburebure bw’imibumbe, ivy’igerageza, ingingo mfatirwako z’igerageza, ibimenyetso vy’irangi, ivy’umubiri n’ivy’imiti, n’ingero, n’ibindi. Ivyo vyari vyifashe ico gihe “vyari binyanyagiye, biteye akajagari, bike, kandi biri hasi”, ni ukuvuga ko amahinguriro y’amavalve yari asasaye hose, uburyo bwo kurongora bwari buteye akajagari, ukubura ingingo mfatirwako n’ibisobanuro vy’ubuhinga bimwe, n’uburyo bw’ibicuruzwa bwari buke. Kugira ngo ivyo bihinduke, Leta yafashe ingingo yo gutegura abakozi babijejwe kugira ngo bakore ubushakashatsi ku bijanye n’umwimbu w’igihugu ku wa 2019.umupfundaishami.

4. Ubushakashatsi bwa mbere bw'igihugu ku bijanye n'uguhingura amavalve

Kugira ngo bamenye uko ivy’uguhingura amavalve vyifashe, mu 1958, Ibiro vya mbere n’ivya gatatu vy’Igisata ca mbere c’amamashini vyatunganije ubushakashatsi bwo gukora amavalve mu gihugu cose. Iryo tsinda ry’itohoza ryagiye mu turere 4 n’ibisagara 24 vyo mu Buraruko bushira Ubuseruko bw’Ubushinwa, Ubushinwa bwo mu Buraruko, Ubushinwa bwo mu Buseruko no hagati mu Bushinwa bwo mu Bumanuko kugira ngo rikore itohoza rikomeye ku mahinguriro 90 y’amavalve. Iryo ni ryo suzuma rya mbere ry’amavalve mu gihugu cose kuva Repubulika y’Ubushinwa ishingwa. Iciyo gihe, iryo koraniro ryari ryibanze ku bahinga b’amavalve bafise urugero runini kandi bafise ubwoko bwinshi n’ibintu vyinshi, nk’uruganda rw’amamashini rusangi rwa Shenyang, uruganda rw’ivyuma rwa Shenyang Chengfa, uruganda rw’ivyuma rwa Suzhou, n’uruganda rw’ivyuma rwa Dalian. Uruganda, Ihinguriro ry’ibikoresho vy’ivyuma ry’i Beijing (ryabanjirije uruganda rw’ibikoresho vy’amazi ry’i Beijing), Uruganda rw’ibikoresho vy’amazi rwa Wafangdian, Uruganda rw’ibikoresho vy’amazi rwa Chongqing, abahinguzi benshi b’ibikoresho vy’amazi i Shanghai na Shanghai Pipeline Switch 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, n’ibindi.

Biciye mw’itohoza, ingorane nyamukuru ziriho mu guhingura ama valve zabonetse:

1) Kubura umugambi rusangi n’ugusangira ibikorwa mu buryo bubereye, bikaba bituma habaho ugusubiramwo ibikorwa kandi bikagira ingaruka ku bushobozi bwo gukora.

2) Ivyiyumviro vy’ibikoresho vy’amavalve ntibihuye, ivyo bikaba vyatumye uwukoresha agira ingorane nyinshi mu guhitamwo no mu gucungera.

3) Ishingiro ry’ibikorwa vyo gupima no gusuzuma ni ribi cane, kandi biragoye kumenya neza uburemere bw’ibintu vy’amavalve n’uguhingura vyinshi.

Mu kwishura ku ngorane zavuzwe haruguru, umugwi w’itohoza warashize imbere ingingo zitatu ku ma minisiteri n’ibiro, harimwo gukomeza igenamigambi rusangi, ugusangira ibikorwa mu buryo bubereye, no gutunganya uburinganire bw’ivyo bakora n’ivyo bagurisha; gukomeza gushinga ingingo ngenderwako n’igikorwa co gusuzuma ivy’umubiri n’ivy’imiti, gutegura ingingo ngenderwako zimwe z’amavalve; no gukora ubushakashatsi bw’igerageza. 1. Abarongozi ba Biro ya 3 ivyo barabihaye agaciro kanini. Mbere na mbere, bariko barashira umutima ku gikorwa co gutuma ibintu bigenda neza. Bashinze ikigo c’ubushakashatsi ku buhinga bwo gukora imashini co muri Minisitere ya mbere y’amamashini gutunganya abahinguzi b’amavalve bajejwe gutegura ingingo ngenderwako z’ibikoresho vy’imiyoboro zasohowe na minisiteri, zashizwe mu ngiro mu nganda mu 1961. Igitabu". Itegeko ry’ibikoresho vy’imiyoboro ryasohowe na minisiteri ni ryo rya mbere ry’itegeko ry’imiyoboro mu gihugu canje, kandi “Igitabo c’Imiterere y’Imiyoboro” ni amakuru ya mbere y’ubuhinga y’imiterere y’imiyoboro twakoranije, ivyo bikaba vyaragize uruhara rwiza mu gutuma urugero rw’imiterere y’ibikoresho vy’imiyoboro mu gihugu canje rutera imbere. Biciye muri iri koraniro ry’igihugu cose, ikintu nyamukuru c’iterambere ry’ubuhinga bw’amavalve mu gihugu canje mu myaka 10 iheze caramenyekanye, kandi harafashwe ingingo zikora kandi zikora kugira ngo hakurweho burundu ukwigana akajagari k’uguhingura amavalve n’ukubura ingingo mfatirwako. Ivyuma vyo guhingura ibintu vyarateye intambwe nini, bitangura kwinjira mu ntambwe nshasha yo kwihingura no gutunganya ibintu vyinshi.

03 Incamake

Kuva mu 1949 gushika mu 1959, igihugu canje .umuvudukoinganda zaciye zisubirana ningoga mu bibazo vy’Ubushinwa bwa kera maze zitangura gutangura; kuva ku kwitaho, kwigana gushika ku kwikoreradesign n’uguhingura, kuva ku guhingura amavalve y’umuvuduko muto gushika ku guhingura amavalve y’umuvuduko munini n’uw’agaciro kanini, mu ntango vyagize inganda yo gukora amavalve. Ariko rero, kubera iterambere ryihuse ry’umuvuduko wo gukora, hariho n’ingorane zimwe zimwe. Kuva ryashirwa mu mugambi w’igihugu, mu burongozi bushingiye kuri Minisitere ya mbere y’amamashini, imvo y’ingorane yarabonetse biciye mu matohoza n’ubushakashatsi, kandi inyishu n’ingero ngirakamaro kandi zikora vyafashwe kugira ngo uguhingura amavalve bishobore kujana n’urugendo rw’ubwubatsi bw’ubutunzi bw’igihugu, no kugira ngo inganda zitere imbere. Kandi ugushinga amashirahamwe y’inganda vyarashizeho umushinge mwiza.