Nk’ishirahamwe rigenzura ubuhumane, igikorwa gihambaye kuruta ibindi vyose c’uruganda rwo gusukura amazi mabi ni ukumenya neza ko amazi asohoka ahuye n’ingingo ngenderwako. Ariko rero, kubera ingingo ngenderwako zijanye n’ugusohora amazi mabi zigenda zirushiriza gukomera be n’ubukazi bw’abagenzuzi b’ibidukikije, vyatumye uruganda rwo gusukura amazi mabi rugira ingorane nyinshi mu bijanye n’ibikorwa. Mu vy’ukuri biragenda birushiriza kugora gukura amazi.
Nk’uko umwanditsi abibona, imvo itaziguye y’ingorane zo gushika ku rugero rwo gusohora amazi ni uko muri rusangi hariho inziga zitatu z’ububisha mu bigo vy’amazi mabi vyo mu gihugu canje.
Ica mbere ni uruziga rw’ububisha rw’ibikorwa vy’ibitoke bike (MLVSS/MLSS) n’ibitoke vyinshi; ica kabiri ni uruziga rw’ububisha rw’uko uko imiti yo gukuraho fosifore ikoreshwa cane, ni ko n’ibisigazwa vy’ibitovu biva; ica gatatu ni uruganda rwo gusukura amazi mabi igihe kirekire Gukora cane, ibikoresho ntibishobora gusubirwamwo, bigendana n’ingwara umwaka wose, bikaba bituma haba uruziga rubi rw’ubushobozi bwo gusukura amazi mabi bugabanuka.
#1
Uruziga rubi rw'ibikorwa vy'ibitoke bito n'ibitoke vyinshi
Porofeseri Wang Hongchen yarakoze ubushakashatsi ku bikoresho 467 vy’amazi mabi. Reka turabe amakuru yerekeye ibikorwa vy’ibitovu n’uburemere bw’ibitoke: Muri ivyo bigo 467 vy’amazi mabi, 61% vy’ibigo bisukura amazi mabi bifise MLVSS/MLSS iri munsi ya 0,5, nka 30 % vy’ibigo bisukura bifise MLVSS/MLSS iri munsi ya 0,4.
Ivyimburwa biri muri 2/3 vy’ibikoresho vyo gusukura amazi mabi birenze 4000 mg/L, ivyimburwa biri muri 1/3 vy’ibikoresho vyo gusukura amazi mabi birenze 6000 mg/L, ivyimburwa biri mu bikoresho 20 vyo gusukura amazi mabi birenze mg/L 10000.
Ni ingaruka izihe ziterwa n’ivyo bintu bivugwa haruguru (igikorwa c’ibitoke gito, ibitoke vyinshi)? Naho twabonye ingingo nyinshi z’ubuhinga zisesangura ukuri, ariko mu majambo yoroshe, hari ingaruka imwe, ni ukuvuga ko amazi asohoka arenga urugero.
Ivyo birashobora gusigurwa biciye ku mice ibiri. Ku ruhande rumwe, iyo ivyuma vy’ibitoke bimaze kuba vyinshi, kugira ngo ivyuma vy’ibitoke ntibibe vyinshi, birakenewe ko umuntu yongera gutera umwuka. Kwongera umuyaga ntibizokwongera gusa ubushobozi bwo gukoresha, ariko kandi bizokwongereza igice c’ibinyabuzima. Ukwongerekana kw’umwuka w’ikirere kuzonyaga isoko ya carbone ikenewe kugira ngo umuntu ashobore gukuraho ivyuma, ivyo bikaba bizogira ingaruka zitaziguye ku gukuraho ivyuma n’ugukuraho fosifore mu binyabuzima, bikaba bizotuma habaho N na P birenze urugero.
Ku rundi ruhande, ivyiyumviro vyinshi vy’ibitoke bituma amazi n’ivu bifatanya biduga, kandi ivyo bikoko birazimangana bitagoranye hamwe n’amazi asohoka mu gitereko c’amazi c’inyuma, ivyo bikaba bizotuma ikigo co gusukura giteye imbere gihagarara canke bigatuma amazi asohoka COD na SS arenga urugero.
Tumaze kuvuga ingaruka, reka tuvuge igituma amahinguriro menshi y’amazi mabi afise ingorane y’ibikorwa vy’ibitoke bike n’ibitoke vyinshi.
Nkako, imvo y’ivyo bikoko vyinshi ni igikorwa gito c’ivyo bikoko. Kubera ko igikorwa c’ibitoke ari gito, kugira ngo umuntu agire ingaruka nziza zo gusukura, bitegerezwa kwongerwa ivyiyumviro vy’ibitoke. Ibikorwa vy’ibitoke bike biterwa n’uko amazi yinjira mu mazi arimwo umusenyi mwinshi w’ibitoke, winjira mu gice co gusukura ibinyabuzima, ukarundanira buhoro buhoro, ivyo bikaba bigira ingaruka ku bikorwa vy’imigera.
Mu mazi yinjira harimwo ivyuma vyinshi n’umusenyi. Imwe ni uko interception effect y’ivyo bikoresho ari bibi cane, ikindi ni uko ibikoresho birenga 90% vy’ibikoresho vyo gusukura amazi mabi mu gihugu canje bitarubatse ibidengeri vy’amazi y’intango.
Abantu bamwebamwe boshobora kwibaza bati, kuki utokora itangi ry’amazi ry’intango? Ivyo ni ivyerekeye uruzitiro rw’imiyoboro. Hari ingorane nk’uguhuza nabi, guhuza bivanze, n’uguhuza nabi mu nzira y’imiyoboro mu gihugu canje. Ivyo bituma uburyo bw’amazi agira ico akoze mu bigo vy’amazi mabi muri rusangi bugira ibiranga bitatu: uburemere bwinshi bw’ibintu bikomeye bitagira ubuzima (ISS), uburemere buke bwa COD, uburemere buke bwa C/N ratio.
Ivyiyumviro vy’ibintu bikomeye bitagira ubuzima biri mu mazi atera ni vyinshi, ni ukuvuga ko umusenyi urimwo ari mwinshi cane. Mu ntango, itangi ry’amazi ry’intango ryoshobora kugabanya ibintu bimwebimwe bitagira ubuzima, ariko kubera ko COD y’amazi yinjira ari nto cane, amahinguriro menshi y’amazi mabi gusa Ntimukore itangi ry’intango ry’amazi.
Mu nseguro ya nyuma, igikorwa c’ibitovu gito ni iragi ry’“ibiterwa biremerera n’insenga zidakomeye”.
Twaravuze ko iyo ivu ryinshi ryinshi n’ibikorwa bike bizovamwo N na P birenze urugero mu mazi asohoka. Muri iki gihe, ingingo z’inyishu z’ibigo vyinshi vy’amazi mabi ni ukwongerako amasoko y’umuyagankuba n’ibintu bitagira ubuzima. Ariko rero, kwongerako ivyuma vyinshi biva hanze bizotuma habaho ukwiyongera kw’inguvu zikoreshwa, mu gihe kwongerako ivyuma vyinshi bizotuma habaho ivyuma vyinshi vy’imiti, ivyo bikaba bizotuma habaho ukwiyongera kw’ivyuma vy’ivyuma no kugabanya ibikorwa vy’ivyuma, bigatuma haba uruziga rw’ububisha.
#2
Uruziga rw’ububisha aho uko imiti yo gukuraho fosifore ikoreshwa cane, ni ko n’ibitoke biva mu mazi bigenda birakura.
Ikoreshwa ry’imiti ikuraho phosphore ryatumye ivyimburwa vy’ibitoke vyiyongera ku rugero rwa 20% gushika ku 30%, canke mbere n’ibindi.
Ikibazo c’ibitovu caramaze imyaka myinshi gihangayikishije cane ibikoresho bisukura amazi mabi, ahanini kubera ko ata nzira yo gusohokamwo ivyo bikoko, canke inzira yo gusohokamwo idashikamye. .
Ivyo bituma imyaka y’ibitoke iramba, bikaba bituma haba ikintu c’ugukura kw’ibitoke, mbere n’ibintu bidasanzwe bikomeye cane nk’ugutera ibitoke vyinshi.
Ivyo bikoko vyagutse birafise ububabare bubi. Iyo amazi asohoka mu gitereko ca kabiri c’amazi atakaye, ikigo co gusukura giteye imbere kirazibira, ingaruka z’ugusukura zigabanuka, kandi amazi yo gusukura inyuma aragwira.
Ukwongerekana kw’amazi yo gusukura inyuma kuzovamwo ingaruka zibiri, imwe ni ukugabanya ingaruka z’ubuvuzi z’igice c’ubuhinga bwa biochemie ca kera.
Amazi menshi yo gusukura inyuma asubira mu gitereko c’impwemu, ivyo bikaba bigabanya igihe nyaco co kugumya amazi y’inyubako kandi bikagabanya ingaruka z’ugusukura z’ugusukura kwa kabiri;
Ica kabiri ni ukugabanya cane ingaruka z’ugutunganya ivy’igikoresho co gutunganya ivy’uburebure.
Kubera ko amazi menshi yo gusukura inyuma ategerezwa gusubirwamwo mu buryo bwo kuyungurura buteye imbere, igitigiri c’ukuyungurura kiraduga kandi ubushobozi nyabwo bwo kuyungurura buragabanuka.
Ingaruka z’ubuvuzi muri rusangi zica zigira nabi, ivyo bishobora gutuma umubare wose wa phosphore na COD biri mu mazi asohoka birenze urugero. Kugira ngo ntibarenge urugero, iyo nzira y’amazi mabi izokwongerera ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho bikuramwo phosphore, ivyo bikaba bizotuma urugero rw’ibitoke rwongera.
mu nzinguzingu y’ububisha.
#3
Uruziga rubi rw'igihe kirekire rw'ugutwara amazi mabi n'ubushobozi bwo gusukura amazi mabi bugabanuka
Gusukura amazi mabi ntibivana n’abantu gusa, ariko kandi bivana n’ibikoresho.
Ivyuma vy’amazi mabi vyamaze igihe kirekire birwana mu murongo w’imbere mu gusukura amazi. Iyo idasanuwe ubudasiba, ingorane zizoza vuba canke zidatevye. Ariko rero, kenshi na kenshi, ibikoresho vyo gukura amazi mabi ntibishobora gusanurwa, kuko iyo ibikoresho bimwebimwe bihagaze, amazi asohoka ashobora kurenga urugero. Mu gihe c’amande y’umusi ku musi, umuntu wese ntashobora kuyaronka.
Mu bikoresho 467 vyo gusukura amazi mabi vyo mu bisagara vyasuzumwe na Porofeseri Wang Hongchen, nk’ibice bibiri vya gatatu vyavyo bifise ubushobozi bwo gutwara amazi burenze 80%, nk’ica gatatu kirenze 120%, kandi ibikoresho 5 vyo gusukura amazi mabi birenze 150%.
Iyo umuzigo w’amazi urengeye 80%, uretse ibikoresho bikeyi vy’ugusukura amazi mabi manini cane, ibikoresho rusangi vyo gusukura amazi mabi ntibishobora gufunga amazi kugira ngo akoreshe mu gusanasana kubera yuko amazi asohoka ashika ku rugero, kandi nta mazi yo gusubiza mu bikoresho vyo gusukura umwuka n’ibikoresho vyo gusukura amazi mabi. Ivyo bikoresho vyo hasi bishobora gusa gusanurwa burundu canke gusubirwamwo iyo bimaze gusohoka.
Ni ukuvuga ko nk’ibice 2/3 vy’ibikoresho vy’amazi mabi bidashobora gusanura ivyo bikoresho ku ciyumviro co kumenya neza ko amazi asohoka ahuye n’ingingo ngenderwako.
Dushingiye ku bushakashatsi bwa Porofeseri Wang Hongchen, ubuzima bw’ibikoresho vy’ugusohora umwuka muri rusangi ni imyaka 4-6, ariko 1/4 y’ibikoresho vy’amazi mabi ntivyakoze igikorwa co gusanasana umuyaga ku bikoresho vy’ugusohora umwuka mu myaka 6. Ico gikoresho co gukuramwo ivu, gikeneye gukurwako ubusa no gusanurwa, muri rusangi ntigisanurwa umwaka wose.
Ivyo bikoresho vyamaze igihe kirekire bikorana n’ingwara, kandi ubushobozi bwo gusukura amazi buragenda buraba bubi. Kugira ngo umuntu ashobore kwihanganira umukazo w’aho amazi asohokera, nta buryo bwo kuyahagarika kugira ngo akoreshe neza. Muri mwene uwo muzingi w’ububisha, hazokwama hariho uburyo bwo gusukura amazi mabi buzohura n’ugusenyuka.
#4
wandike ku mpera
Inyuma y’aho ugukingira ibidukikije gushizweho nk’ingingo ngenderwako y’ishimikiro y’igihugu canje, ivy’amazi, gazi, ibintu bikomeye, ubutaka n’ibindi bijanye no kugenzura ibihumanya vyarateye imbere cane, muri ivyo bikaba ari ivy’ugusukura amazi mabi bishobora kuvugwa ko ari vyo birongoye. Urugero rudahagije, ibikorwa vy’uruganda rw’amazi mabi vyaguye mu kaga, kandi ingorane y’uruja n’uruza rw’imiyoboro n’ibitovu vyacitse intege nke zibiri zikomeye z’uruganda rwo gusukura amazi mabi mu gihugu canje.
Kandi ubu, ni igihe co gusubiza inyuma intege nke.
Igihe co gutangaza: Gashyantare-23-2022
